by Joyce
Killian
(Footnotes in parentheses)
Probiotics have formed a vital part of Mediterranean and Middle
Eastern diets for thousands of years, in the form of fermented milk and vegetable
products such as yogurt and pickles. (1,2) They are credited, in part, for the
relatively low rates of chronic, age-related diseases that prevail in those
regions.(2)
Now, research is catching up with this traditional wisdom in the
form of accelerated scientific investigations into the broad spectrum health
benefits of probiotics. This new science, known as pharmabiotics, uses
probiotic organisms as natural pharmaceutical agents in the treatment and
prevention of disease along with promoting longevity. Pharmabiotics provides an
almost limitless source of biologically active materials which can influence
human health.(3)
What is
Pharmabiotics?
The science of pharmabiotics is based on an explosion of data
about the so-called human microbiome, which is made up of the trillions of
bacteria that live in our bodies. These bacteria are so intimately involved
with our lives and health that they are considered a part of the human
organism. (4,5,6) With advancing technology, scientists are now able to select
specific strains of organisms to accomplish precise tasks.(7)
What Are
Probiotics?
Probiotics are beneficial organisms, most of which are normally
found in the healthy human gastrointestinal tract. Many different strains of
probiotic organisms are in use, which have different but overlapping benefits.
Probiotic organisms work through several interrelated mechanisms to promote
health at the molecular level.(8) They conquer potentially dangerous organisms
in the intestine, reducing the risk of infection or toxin-mediated diseases.
They regulate immune responses which enhance healthy reactions to dangerous
infectious organisms, and they suppress excessive inflammation. Additionally,
probiotics promote the function of the intestinal inner lining, enhancing its
ability to act as a barrier to the entry of potentially dangerous organisms and
chemicals.(9-12)
All of these actions depend on a system of biochemical signals
between your intestinal bacteria and the human cells that comprise the rest of
your body.(8,13)
When things go wrong in the balance of intestinal organisms, the
consequences can be tremendous.(3) Negative changes in the intestinal
microbiome are firmly associated with chronic diseases that include
inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and the metabolic
syndrome.(5,15,16) We now recognize that allergic disorders, asthma, and even
obesity are also related to an unhealthy population of intestinal bacteria.(5,11)
Due to modern diets and lifestyle, as well as environmental
factors such as pollution and the irresponsible overuse of antibiotics, the
beneficial bacteria in your microbiome is at risk which can lead to an
increased incidence in metabolic and inflammatory chronic diseases.(6) Even
simple aging gradually shifts your intestinal bacterial population towards a
disease-promoting, rather than a disease-preventing, state.(17-21)
The good news is that probiotics can help restore balance and
cellular communications with regard to the body’s healthy bacterial population.(5)
In the digestive tract, probiotic therapy has been used to prevent or treat
lactose intolerance, intestinal infections and diarrhea, gastritis and ulcers
caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, colitis caused by excessive
antibiotic use, inflammatory bowel diseases, and irritable bowel syndrome.(10,22-26)
They are also proving instrumental in preventing colon cancer.(22,27-30)
Intestinal
Bacteria Modulate Key Signaling Systems With Your Body
The lining of your gastrointestinal tract is the largest interface
between your body and the external environment — it has even more surface area
than your skin.(14) At that interface your body has three types of chemical
detectors: nerve cells, endocrine cells, and immune cells. Signals from those
detectors affect tissues and organs throughout your body.
Those detector systems are more extensive than those of any other
organ: there are nearly a billion neurons in the intestinal nervous system, the
intestinal endocrine system uses more than 20 identified hormones, and the gut
immune system contains 70 to 80% of the body’s immune cells.(14)
All of those detectors are profoundly influenced by the
composition of your intestinal microbial population. When you use probiotics to
maintain or restore a healthy balance in your intestinal tract, you are
directly and indirectly promoting health in many of your body’s most vital
systems.
All of those benefits within the intestine might be expected. But
probiotics also have profound beneficial effects throughout the body,
especially on metabolic and inflammatory conditions.(15)
Overweight people have lower levels of beneficial bacteria than do
slender people, and chronic exposure to unhealthy bacterial cell walls can
trigger system-wide inflammation.(31-33) Together these effects contribute to
development of the metabolic syndrome, with its pathological disturbances in
lipid and glucose metabolism.(31,34)
Probiotics can favorably alter the composition and activities of
the intestinal bacterial community, potentially reversing major contributors to
chronic disease.(35)
Studies show that probiotics can improve hypertension, lower total
and LDL-cholesterol, and improve insulin sensitivity, all components of the
human metabolic syndrome.(36-38) Human and animal studies show that probiotics
also attenuate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to obesity and a
high-fat diet.(35,39-43) Probiotics may also have a major role in preventing
cancers outside of the gastrointestinal tract, by several different mechanisms.
Probiotic organisms can bind to potential carcinogens, promoting their
excretion.(44) They also suppress growth of bacteria that convert harmless
procarcinogen molecules into carcinogens.(44,45) Finally, probiotics stimulate
expression of liver enzymes that detoxify carcinogens, while down-regulating
those that convert harmless molecules into carcinogens.(44) Together these
effects have been shown to reduce the risk, incidence, and number of tumors in
the colon, liver, and bladder.(44)
Probiotics also modulate your immune system, an effect that has
impact not only on cancer but also on your overall health status, as we’ll now
see.
Probiotics
Boost Immunity
In recent years the enormous importance of the gastrointestinal
tract in modulating the immune system has been increasingly recognized. Not
only does more than 70% of the human immune system reside in the gut, but the
intestinal immune system produces more antibodies than the rest of the body put
together.(46) As a result, gastrointestinal secretions are as rich as breast
milk in health-supporting and disease-preventing factors.(47)
A poorly functioning immune system is at the root of many chronic
degenerative diseases. Too little response makes us vulnerable to the
infections that claim the lives of so many older adults. But inappropriate
overactivation can produce chronic inflammation that contributes to the litany
of age-related disorders such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and
the metabolic syndrome.
The Role
of Probiotics
Bifidobacteria are used as a probiotic to improve intestinal flora
balance, inhibit harmful bacteria, promote good digestion, boost immune
function, and increase resistance to infection.
Your intestinal organisms form an integral part of who you are
(there are 10 times as many of their cells as there are of yours).
Beneficial members of your intestinal bacterial community promote
critical cellular signaling that influences the health of your intestine and
your whole body.
Aging, lifestyle, and environmental influences threaten to perturb
the balance of your intestinal organisms, leaving you vulnerable to immune
disturbances and chronic, age-related conditions.
You can strengthen your intestinal organisms by supplementing with
probiotics, cultures of beneficial organisms that exert multiple favorable
effects.
Bifidobacteria in particular have been shown to protect humans
against inflammation, infection, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
A clinically validated strain of bifidobacteria, BB536, arrives in
the colon largely intact and ready to boost your intestinal microbial
population.
BB536 has demonstrated potent immune modulatory effects, reducing
inflammation while protecting against infections and promoting cardiovascular health.
Probiotics can restore and rebalance your gut microbiome,
strengthening its ability to interact with your immune system in many ways.(5)
These friendly bacteria stimulate healthy immune surveillance, boosting
populations of cells that seek out and destroy infecting organisms and cancers.(25,45,48)
They upregulate inflammatory cytokines during the acute stage of an infection,
cancer, or other threat to your body’s integrity, but they also contribute to
suppression of the inflammatory response as the threat fades.(45,49)
Bifidobacteria
— Powerful Probiotic Protection
Bifidobacteria are one of the most popular and best-studied
probiotic organisms. The bifidobacteria are a large group of normal intestinal
organisms with a host of overlapping benefits.
Bifidobacteria probiotics have long been used as dietary
supplements in Japan, to achieve and maintain high levels of healthy
bifidobacteria in the colon. Breastfed infants develop a simple microbial
population dominated by bifidobacteria, helping the growing child to fend off
multiple challenges to the immune system.(50) As we age, the numbers of
bifidobacteria in our intestines drop, while less beneficial and more harmful
organisms multiply. Experts now recommend high bifidobacteria levels at all
ages.(50) Supplementing with bifidobacteria produces a wide range of health
benefits. Bifidobacteria supplements are shown to raise protective HDL
cholesterol levels in humans and animals, and lower total and LDL cholesterol
levels.(37,51-53) The corresponding reduction in the ratio of LDL to HDL
cholesterol represents an important reduction in cardiovascular disease risk.
Bifidobacteria supplementation also suppressed inflammatory
cytokine production by the intestines of elderly volunteers, reducing the
burden of inflammation that contributes to cardiovascular, cancer, and
metabolic disease risk, and thereby early death.(54) Intriguingly, animal
studies demonstrated a significant increase in longevity in supplemented mice.(55)
Similar studies in humans are eagerly awaited, offering as they do a means for
selecting specific probioticsto prolong human lifespans.(56)
The most prominent effects of bifidobacteria supplementation are
on the health of the intestinal tract itself. Supplementation reduced episodes
of acute diarrhea by 34%, and those of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (a major
cause of illness and death in older people) by 52%, while reducing traveler’s
diarrhea episodes by 8%.(57) Bifidobacteria supplementation for two weeks also
shows promise in improving diarrheal illness in people with lactose
intolerance.(58)
People with irritable bowel syndrome suffer from alternating bouts
of diarrhea and constipation, often suffering painful abdominal bloating and
gas production. Bifidobacteria supplementation produced a significant reduction
in abdominal distension and improved symptom scores along with faster bowel
transit times (which reduces cancer risk).(59,60)
Many people have frequent minor digestive symptoms such as
bloating, gas, and periodic constipation, all of which, while not dangerous,
appreciably reduce comfort and quality of life. Several recent studies
demonstrate significant improvements in measures of gastrointestinal well-being,
decreases in digestive symptom scores and bloating, and increases in health
related quality of life during bifidobacteria supplementation.(61,62)
The much more dangerous inflammatory bowel diseases ulcerative
colitis and Crohn’s disease are the source of untold misery and a major risk
for colon cancer. Because of their ability to fight inflammation, bifidobacteria
supplements have received special attention in managing these conditions.(26)
Bifidobacteria supplements enhance the “tight junctions” between
intestinal cells that allow leakage of dangerous organisms and their products
into the bloodstream in ulcerative colitis.63 They also alter the intestinal
environment, making it unfavorable for organisms that trigger episodes of
colitis.(64) Clinical studies show marked improvements in symptoms of
inflammatory bowel diseases with bifidobacteria supplements.(65-67)
Bowel inflammation is a major risk for colon cancer, the third
most common cancer in the world. Bifidobacteria supplementation lowers levels
of a number of biological markers of colon cancer risk in patients with
colitis.(68) It also blocks development of new tumors in an animal model of
toxin-induced colon cancer.(28) More definitive human studies remain to be
conducted, but indications are bright for bifidobacteria as potent
cancer-preventing pharmabiotic agents.
BB536®
Strain of Bifidobacteria Confers Special Benefits
There are many strains of beneficial bifidobacteria, all of which
have related, overlapping benefits. One challenge to development of effective
supplements has been to keep cultures of the organism stable, and to deliver
them alive to the colon after surviving the extreme conditions of the stomach
and small intestine.(69)
A strain of bifidobacteria, called BB536®, appears to meet that
challenge, and to have unique benefits throughout the body.
The BB536® strain of bifidobacterium logum has been shown to increase
the numbers of bifidobacteria living in the colon.(69,70) That increase allows
BB536® cultures to produce marked effects on intestinal, and whole body, immune
responses, with potentially far-reaching impact.
BB536® has been most extensively studied in Japan, where subjects
with reactions to cedar pollen experience typical allergic symptoms of
sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes. This condition, Japanese cedar polinosis,
is far from deadly, but offers insight into the ability of BB536® to modulate
immune responses by multiple pathways.
This strain BB536® reduces production of the special antibody,
IgE, which is produced in response to allergens, parasitic infections, and
certain other common human conditions.(71) BB536® also suppress cellular immune
responses that contribute to allergic symptoms and inflammation.(72) Finally,
BB536® reduces production of inflammatory cytokines that closely correlate with
symptom development.(73,74)
Human studies with BB536® repeatedly demonstrate its ability to
alleviate allergic symptoms of Japanese cedar polinosis, with decreases in
runny nose, nasal congestion, eye symptoms, and composite symptom scores.(75,76)
While BB536® suppresses overactive immune responses in allergic
patients, exciting new studies are showing that it can enhance the immune
response to infections.
In older adults, BB536® reduced the incidence of influenza
infection and fever in one at-risk population, compared with placebo
recipients.(77) Flu symptoms and death from influenza are largely caused by
excessive inflammatory responses. An example of excess inflammatory response is
pneumonia that can be induced by influenza viruses. These excessive
inflammatory responses were reduced in animals exposed to influenza virus that
were supplemented with BB536®.(78)
Studies show that BB536® can prevent infection with the deadly
Pseudomonas organism in mice with weakened immune systems.(79) And humans who
supplemented with BB536® showed a reduction in numbers of a dangerous strain of
the bacterium Bacteroides fragilis in their intestines.(80)
BB536® may also reduce cardiovascular risk factors, though data
are preliminary to date. Supplements were effective at lowering plasma LDL
cholesterol in women with elevated lipid levels in an early trial.(81)
Summary
Age and the modern environment pose grave threats to the balance
of favorable organisms in your intestine indicating a benefit to those who
supplement with healthy probiotic cultures. The bifidobacteria are an
especially active group of probiotic organisms, with beneficial effects on the
immune system and chronic disease.
A clinically-validated strain of bifidobacteria, BB536®, shows
great promise in overcoming challenges to stability, storage, and delivery of
this probiotic species. BB536® exerts powerful immune modulatory,
infection-preventing, and cardiovascular health-promoting activities.
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